In painting and interior finishes, identify the base material traditionally used for preparing distemper for walls and ceilings. Pick the correct single base.

Introduction / Context:
Distemper is an economical wall finish made from a base pigment/binder system. Recognizing the base material helps in understanding mixing, application, and performance.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Traditional distemper comprises a base (pigment/filler), binder (usually animal glue or casein historically), and water.
• Modern products may add polymers, but the classic base remains the same.

Concept / Approach:

Classic distemper uses finely ground chalk (whiting) as the main base/filler, which provides body and opacity. Limewash and cement wash are different finishing systems. Lime putty may be added to some formulations but is not the primary base of traditional distemper.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Older specifications list whiting plus glue size as the essential composition, confirming the base material.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Lime/lime putty: indicate limewash or tempera variants, not standard distemper base. Cement wash: a different material with cement binder.

Common Pitfalls:

Assuming any white powder equals distemper base; confusing distemper with limewash.

Final Answer:

chalk (whiting)