Building finishes – understanding distemper (water-based wall paint) Which statement best defines distemper used in civil engineering and architectural painting?

Introduction:
Distemper is a traditional, water-based decorative coating commonly used on interior walls and ceilings. This question tests basic materials knowledge in building finishes—specifically, what distemper is made of and how it differs from waterproofing compounds, cement paints, and chemical additives such as driers.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Context is architectural finishes for walls and ceilings.
• Distemper refers to the classic water-based coating used in many low- to medium-cost applications.
• We compare distemper to waterproofing agents, cement paints, and drying additives.

Concept / Approach:

Distemper is formulated using whiting (finely ground chalk or calcium carbonate), colored pigments for shade, and water as the medium. A small amount of glue size or binder may be used in some recipes, but the defining concept is a simple, economical water-thinnable paint that offers a matte finish for interiors. It is not a waterproofing product, nor is it a cement-based paint.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Standard references in building construction consistently describe distemper as a simple water-based coating with chalk and pigments, sometimes with minimal binder. Practical site use confirms it is suited for low-cost interior finishes but not for high-moisture or external waterproofing duties.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Waterproofing agent: Distemper is decorative, not a waterproofing membrane.

Coloured cement paint: Cement paints are cement-based and require water curing; distemper is chalk- and pigment-based.

Drying agent: Driers are additives for oil/alkyd paints and are not the paint itself.

Common Pitfalls:

Assuming any wall coating can waterproof surfaces; confusing cement paint with distemper because both are economical; expecting oil-paint additives (driers) to apply to water-based systems.

Final Answer:

A paint consisting of powdered chalk (whiting), pigments, and water