The long awaited Extradition Treaty between India and Bangladesh formally came into effect from which of the following dates?

Introduction / Context:
An extradition treaty is a legal agreement between two countries that allows them to hand over individuals accused or convicted of crimes so that they can face trial or serve sentences in the requesting country. The Extradition Treaty between India and Bangladesh was an important step in deepening cooperation on security and law enforcement between the two neighbours. Current affairs questions often ask when such treaties came into effect, because the date marks the start of formal legal cooperation under the agreed framework.

Given Data / Assumptions:

The question concerns the Extradition Treaty between India and Bangladesh.
We are asked on which date it came into effect, not the date of signing alone.
The options are October 2012, December 2012, October 2013 and December 2013.
We assume that the treaty required ratification and notification by both sides before it became operative.

Concept / Approach:
International treaties typically go through two main stages: signing and entry into force. The treaty may be signed at a summit or state visit, but it only comes into effect after both governments complete internal approval procedures and exchange instruments of ratification. For the India Bangladesh Extradition Treaty, news reports and exam oriented notes specify that, although it was signed earlier, it formally came into force in October 2013 after these steps were completed. Therefore, we must distinguish between the year of signature and the year and month when it actually became effective.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Step 1: Recall that India and Bangladesh signed an extradition agreement around early 2013, as part of a broader package of security cooperation. Step 2: Note that ratification and completion of legal formalities took some months after the initial signing. Step 3: Remember from current affairs capsules that the treaty was reported as coming into effect in October 2013, following the exchange of diplomatic notifications that both sides had completed their internal processes. Step 4: Compare the options and identify October 2013 as the only one that matches this timeline. Step 5: Choose October 2013 and rule out the earlier 2012 dates and the later December 2013 date as inaccurate for the actual entry into force.

Verification / Alternative check:
Explanatory notes in competitive exam books and official press releases from the time mention that the India Bangladesh Extradition Treaty came into force in October 2013. They describe how this allowed the two countries to request the return of certain categories of offenders under a formal legal process, improving cooperation against cross border crime. Since neither October 2012 nor December 2012 matches the widely reported timeline, and December 2013 would be too late given the publicised implementation, these sources support October 2013 as the correct answer.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
October 2012 and December 2012 precede the period in which the treaty was even signed, so they cannot be correct dates for its entry into force. December 2013 is after October 2013 and does not correspond to the moment when the treaty was first implemented, even if work continued under its provisions. Selecting any of these dates would therefore misrepresent the documented sequence of signing, ratification and coming into effect.

Common Pitfalls:
Some candidates confuse the date of signing with the date of entry into force and may incorrectly pick a 2012 option based on partial memory. Others may see 2013 in two options and guess the later month without recalling the specific reference to October. To avoid these mistakes, it is useful to remember that treaties often have a lag between signing and implementation, and that exam questions typically ask about the legally significant date when the agreement actually started operating.

Final Answer:
The Extradition Treaty between India and Bangladesh formally came into effect from October 2013.