DRAM maintenance term: The periodic recharging of dynamic RAM memory cells—performed to restore charge on the storage capacitors—is called ________.

Introduction / Context:
Dynamic RAM cells store information as charge on tiny capacitors that leak over time. To prevent data loss, the memory controller periodically re-reads and rewrites each row, restoring the charge. The formal term for this operation is “refresh.”

Given Data / Assumptions:

• DRAM cells are 1T1C: one access transistor and one capacitor.
• Charge leakage necessitates periodic maintenance.
• Refresh can be distributed or burst, transparent to the CPU.

Concept / Approach:
Refreshing cycles through all rows within a specified retention time. Each refresh activates a row, the sense amplifiers restore the original levels, and the data is preserved. Standards define timing parameters (e.g., tREFI, tRFC) to ensure integrity.

Step-by-Step Solution:
1) Controller issues a refresh command for a specific row or set of rows.2) The row is sensed; contents are restored to full logic levels.3) Repeat so that every row is refreshed within the retention window.4) Normal read/write cycles are interleaved around refresh operations.

Verification / Alternative check:
JEDEC standards and DRAM datasheets specify refresh cycles and effects on bus availability, confirming the terminology.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
“Reinstalling,” “revitalizing,” and “reinstating” are not standard technical terms in DRAM documentation.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming refresh can be skipped; not budgeting timing for refresh-induced pauses in tight real-time systems.

Final Answer:
refreshing