Which of the following is NOT typically cited as an advantage of the database approach in modern information systems?
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Aminimal data redundancy.
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Bimproved data consistency.
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Cimproved data sharing.
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Dprogram-data dependency.
Answer
Correct Answer: program-data dependency.
Explanation
Introduction / Context:The database approach centralizes data definition and control, reducing redundancy and promoting consistency. Properly identifying advantages helps justify DBMS adoption and data governance practices.
Given Data / Assumptions:
- DBMSs separate data definitions from application code via schemas and catalogs.
- Centralized control supports sharing, integrity constraints, and security.
- Tight coupling between programs and data structures is considered a drawback.
Concept / Approach:Advantages include reduced redundancy, better consistency, and improved sharing. The database approach seeks to minimize program-data dependency by using schemas, views, and metadata so applications adapt with less code change when data definitions evolve.
Step-by-Step Solution:
Evaluate each option against known database benefits.Recognize that program-data dependency is the opposite of what DBMSs aim for.Select the item that is not an advantage.Verification / Alternative check:Data independence (logical and physical) is a core DBMS goal: changing storage or schema should minimally impact applications.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:Minimal redundancy, improved consistency, and improved sharing are classic, well-documented benefits of DBMS usage.
Common Pitfalls:Confusing program-data dependency with referential integrity; the former concerns coupling, the latter enforces relational rules.
Final Answer:program-data dependency.