Which factor primarily governs the infiltration capacity of a soil during a storm, acknowledging the roles of surface detention and saturated layer thickness as well?

Introduction / Context:
Infiltration capacity describes the maximum rate at which soil can absorb water. It is central to runoff generation, erosion, and irrigation design.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Focus on physical controls of infiltration capacity.
• Recognize both subsurface and surface conditions.

Concept / Approach:
Infiltration depends on soil properties and boundary conditions. As the wetting front advances, hydraulic gradients and conductivity change, and surface detention modifies effective head.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Soil moisture: higher antecedent moisture reduces available storage and intake rate.Saturated layer thickness: as saturation grows, conductivity and gradients adjust, affecting capacity.Surface detention depth: ponded water increases head and may raise short-term infiltration until sealing or saturation limits appear.Therefore, all listed factors affect infiltration capacity.

Verification / Alternative check:
Experimental infiltration curves (e.g., Horton and Green-Ampt frameworks) reveal sensitivity to moisture conditions and head at the surface.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Single-factor answers ignore important interacting influences during storms.

Common Pitfalls:

• Treating infiltration capacity as constant in time despite evolving saturation and crusting.

Final Answer:
All of the above