Assertion–Reason (Nobel Prize – Economics):\nAssertion (A): Amartya Sen was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences.\nReason (R): He made invaluable contributions to developmental economics and welfare theory.

Introduction / Context:
This item checks factual recognition of the Nobel Prize and understanding of why it was conferred.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Amartya Sen received the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (commonly called the Nobel Prize in Economics).
• His work spans welfare economics, social choice, poverty and famine analysis, and development.

Concept / Approach:
Sen’s seminal contributions include capability approach, analysis of famines (entitlement theory), and advances in social choice theory extending Arrow’s work. These contributions profoundly influenced developmental economics and policy evaluation—directly underpinning the award.

Step-by-Step Solution:
1) A: True—he is a recognized laureate.2) R: True—his influential, field-shaping contributions in development and welfare provide the rationale.3) Therefore, R explains A.

Verification / Alternative check:
His writings (e.g., “Poverty and Famines,” capability framework with Martha Nussbaum’s related work) are pillars in development studies.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
They either deny the award or disconnect it from the substance of his contributions.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing Peace Prize recipients or misattributing reasons (e.g., macroeconomic policy) unrelated to his core scholarship.

Final Answer:
Both A and R are true, and R explains A.