Assertion–Reason (Universal Adult Franchise vs Freedom Movement Participation): Assertion (A): Our Constitution grants equal voting rights to all citizens. Reason (R): In our freedom movement, all the people participated equally.

Introduction / Context:The question probes constitutional civics and causal reasoning. Universal adult franchise is a normative constitutional choice. The Reason appeals to a historical claim about equal participation in the freedom movement, which must be evaluated independently.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• A: Equal voting rights (universal adult suffrage) are guaranteed to all citizens.
• R: The freedom struggle witnessed equal participation by “all the people.”
• Constitutional design reflected commitments to equality and democratic representation post-independence.

Concept / Approach:Truth-test each statement. A is correct (universal adult franchise, subject to legal age and disqualifications). R is historically overstated: participation varied by region, class, gender, caste, and circumstance—far from literally “equal.” Then evaluate explanation linkage.

Step-by-Step Solution:1) A is true: equal vote is a foundational principle of the Constitution.2) R is false in literal terms: activism and risks were unevenly borne; not everyone participated equally.3) Even if some broad-based participation existed, it is not the definitive constitutional rationale; equality before the law and democratic ideals underpin suffrage. Hence the correct pattern is A true, R false.

Verification / Alternative check:Review constitutional provisions on adult suffrage and historical scholarship on the diversity and unevenness of movement participation.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:(a)/(b) require R to be true; (d) denies A; “None” is redundant.

Common Pitfalls:Reading “equal” normatively rather than literally; conflating inspirational rhetoric with factual equality of participation.

Final Answer:(A) is true, but (R) is false.