Statement: A recent report claims that for women with breast cancer, taking a glass of wine daily could boost the success rate of treatment. Conclusions: I) Women who take a daily glass of wine will never suffer from breast cancer. II) A glass of wine will cure women suffering from breast cancer.
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AIf Conclusion I follows
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BIf Conclusion II follows
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CIf neither Conclusion I nor II follows
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DIf both Conclusions I and II follow
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ENone of these
Answer
Correct Answer: If neither Conclusion I nor II follows
Explanation
Introduction / Context:The report’s language is carefully qualified: a glass of wine “could boost the success rate of treatment” for women who already have breast cancer. The conclusions instead claim certainties about prevention and cure, which are not supported.
Given Data / Assumptions:
- Population: women with breast cancer.
- Intervention: a glass of wine daily.
- Effect: may improve (boost) treatment success rate.
- No claim about absolute prevention or guaranteed cure.
Concept / Approach:Conclusion I (never suffer) is a prevention claim about the general population and is far stronger than the statement. Conclusion II (will cure) is a deterministic cure claim, again stronger than “could boost success rate.” Both overreach the evidence.
Step-by-Step Solution:1) Parse modality: “could boost” ≠ “will cure.”2) Parse scope: target is patients, not healthy individuals.3) Therefore, neither I nor II follows.
Verification / Alternative check:Even if an intervention increases odds, it does not imply certainty. Absence of prevention language rules out I; absence of cure language rules out II.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:Any option selecting I or II imputes claims never made.
Common Pitfalls:Confusing probabilistic improvement with guaranteed outcomes.
Final Answer:If neither Conclusion I nor II follows.