DAC error types Which of the following are recognized error categories for digital-to-analog converters (DACs)?

Introduction / Context:Characterizing DAC performance involves identifying specific error mechanisms that affect accuracy and control quality in instrumentation and control loops.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Common DAC error terms include offset, gain error, integral nonlinearity (INL), differential nonlinearity (DNL), and monotonicity.

Concept / Approach:Offset error shifts the entire transfer function, while nonmonotonic behavior (typically due to DNL > 1 LSB) causes the output to decrease when the input code increases—unacceptable in many control applications.

Step-by-Step Solution:Identify standard error categories: offset and monotonicity are standard.Map to options: both appear together in option D.Therefore, the best answer is nonmonotonic and offset error.

Verification / Alternative check:DAC datasheets specify offset error (in LSBs or percent FS) and monotonicity guarantees.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:“Incorrect output codes” is not a standard error category; it describes a fault, not a calibrated error metric.

Common Pitfalls:Confusing monotonicity with linearity; a DAC can be monotonic yet have INL.

Final Answer:nonmonotonic and offset error