Clonal propagation—Which of the following are disadvantages of conventional (non-tissue-culture) methods compared with plant tissue culture? Consider how traditional nursery practices fare versus in vitro micropropagation in terms of speed, hygiene, storage, and logistics. Identify the combination that correctly lists disadvantages of conventional approaches for large-scale clonal multiplication.

Introduction / Context:
Clonal propagation aims to multiply genetically uniform, high-performing plants. Conventional nursery methods (cuttings, layers, divisions) work, but they are slower and more exposed to pests, pathogens, and environmental constraints than plant tissue culture. This question asks you to pinpoint the disadvantages of conventional methods when compared with modern micropropagation.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Goal is rapid, large-scale clonal multiplication.
• Conventional methods rely on field or greenhouse conditions.
• Micropropagation (in vitro) offers asepsis, year-round production, and compact storage/transport.

Concept / Approach:
Identify which statements truly describe drawbacks of conventional (non-tissue-culture) propagation relative to micropropagation. Focus on disease status, multiplication rate, and logistics (storage/transport of planting material).

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Commercial protocols for bananas, ornamentals, and forest trees favor micropropagation to achieve disease indexing, phytosanitary movement, and compact shipping—advantages that directly counter the limitations of conventional propagation.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• (a) Misframed and not a disadvantage; sterile hybrids are better managed via tissue culture.
• (e) Incorrect because (b) and (c) are genuine drawbacks of conventional propagation.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing “what tissue culture can do” with “what conventional methods lack.” Also, overlooking transport/storage economics when scaling nurseries.

Final Answer:
Both (b) and (c)