Producing plant protoplasts—Which enzyme cocktail is required? Protoplasts can be released from suspension cultures, callus, or intact tissues by digesting the wall. Which enzymatic treatment is necessary to remove both cellulose and pectic components effectively?

Introduction / Context:
Plant cell walls are composite structures rich in cellulose microfibrils embedded in a pectin-hemicellulose matrix. To generate protoplasts (cells devoid of walls but with intact plasma membranes), enzymes must dissolve both the cellulose fraction and the pectic matrix.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Target outcome: intact, viable protoplasts.
• Wall composition includes cellulose and pectin among other polymers.
• Osmotic stabilizers (e.g., mannitol) are present during digestion.

Concept / Approach:
Cellulases hydrolyze β-1,4-glucan chains in cellulose microfibrils; pectinases (pectolyic enzymes) depolymerize pectins in the middle lamella and primary wall matrix. Using both is standard to efficiently free protoplasts without excessive shear.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Microscopy confirms loss of wall boundaries and spherical morphology; yield and viability are highest when both enzyme classes are included.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• (a) or (b) alone often yields poor release because the other matrix component remains intact.
• (d) Proteases do not target the main wall polysaccharides.
• (e) Amylases digest starch, not the structural wall.

Common Pitfalls:
Insufficient osmotic protection causes protoplast lysis; over-digestion decreases viability.

Final Answer:
Both cellulolytic and pectolytic enzymes