Which of the following devices produce a hard copy (physical output on paper or media) in typical computer systems?

Introduction / Context:
Hard copy refers to physical output that can be read without a computer—ink or marks on paper or other tangible media. Multiple output devices historically and presently serve this function in computing and technical drawing.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Typewriter terminal: impact device that prints characters on paper.
• Line printer: high-speed impact or laser device printing entire lines at once.
• Plotter: vector-drawing device that creates line art on paper using pens or modern inkjet mechanisms.

Concept / Approach:
Any device that renders computer-generated output in physical form is a hard-copy device. Typewriter terminals (teleprinters/TTYs), classic line printers, and plotters each produce tangible output that persists independently of the screen.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Evaluate each device’s output medium.Confirm that all three put marks on paper.Conclude that “All of the above” is correct.

Verification / Alternative check:
Historical computing labs used TTYs and line printers for logs and listings; engineering shops used pen plotters for CAD drawings—each a prototypical hard-copy workflow.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
None of the above: Incorrect because all listed devices produce physical output.

Individual picks (a, b, or c) alone: Incomplete; all apply.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing “hard copy” with “hard drive”; hard copy is about physical printed output, not storage media.

Final Answer:
All of the above