Network monitoring requirement: Alex must report how many users are currently on the network at any moment. Which network model makes this easiest to determine reliably?

Introduction / Context:
Knowing who is online and how many users are active is an administrative function. Centralization strongly influences visibility: the more services and authentication pass through managed points, the easier it is to measure concurrent usage accurately.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Alex needs real-time counts of users on the network.
• We compare network models rather than physical topologies or MAC methods.
• Accuracy and reliability of the count are important.

Concept / Approach:
In a server-based network or domain, users authenticate to centralized directory services and consume resources via managed servers (file, application, proxy). These choke points provide session logs, active connection tables, and license counts—making “who is connected” observable. In contrast, a purely peer-to-peer environment distributes control across endpoints with minimal central logging, making accurate concurrent user counts difficult without additional tooling. Physical topology (star) or MAC type (Token-Ring, Ethernet) does not by itself ensure centralized session visibility.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Domain controllers, RADIUS/SSO portals, VPN concentrators, or license servers in server-based networks expose concurrent session metrics through logs/APIs, enabling accurate reporting.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing switch MAC tables with authenticated user sessions; assuming topology implies accounting capability.

Final Answer:
Server-based.