Gram stain workflow – correct sequence: What is the correct order of reagents applied in the standard Gram staining procedure on a fixed bacterial smear?

Introduction / Context:
Applying Gram stain reagents in the correct order is essential for the differential outcome that separates Gram-positive from Gram-negative bacteria.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Four core steps: primary stain, mordant, decolorizer, counterstain.
• Smear preparation and heat fixation are assumed complete.
• Timing and technique affect accuracy.

Concept / Approach:
Crystal violet binds first; iodine forms a complex that becomes trapped in thick peptidoglycan. Decolorizer (alcohol or acetone) removes the complex from Gram-negative cells but not Gram-positive. Safranin then counterstains decolorized cells, producing the characteristic purple (Gram-positive) or pink/red (Gram-negative) result.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify each reagent’s function: primary, mordant, decolorizer, counterstain. Order them accordingly: crystal violet → iodine → decolorizer → safranin. Confirm that this sequence yields correct differential staining. Select the matching option.

Verification / Alternative check:
QC with known Gram-positive and Gram-negative control organisms ensures proper staining and decolorization.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Any sequence placing safranin before decolorization or iodine before crystal violet disrupts the mechanism and leads to unreliable results.

Common Pitfalls:
Over-decolorization causing false Gram-negative appearance; under-decolorization making Gram-negative appear Gram-positive.

Final Answer:
Crystal violet, iodine, decolorizer, safranin.