Aseptic meningitis – causative picornaviruses: Which listed viruses are well-known causes of aseptic (viral) meningitis outbreaks in humans?

Introduction:
Aseptic meningitis most often has viral etiologies. Among enteroviruses (a subset of Picornaviridae), several groups classically cause community outbreaks, particularly in summer and early fall. Recognizing these causative agents is key in clinical microbiology and epidemiology.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Candidate groups include polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, and echoviruses.
• We focus on historic and textbook associations.
• We select the most inclusive correct option.

Concept / Approach:
Multiple enteroviruses can cause aseptic meningitis. Coxsackie A/B and echoviruses are frequent culprits; poliovirus can also cause aseptic meningitis (separate from paralytic disease) as part of its spectrum. Therefore, all three categories belong on the list of recognized causes.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify which virus groups are enteroviruses. Recall their clinical syndromes including meningitis. Select the aggregate option encompassing all three. Choose “All of these.”

Verification / Alternative check:
Public health bulletins and textbooks consistently report seasonal aseptic meningitis due to coxsackie and echo viruses; poliovirus can present with febrile illness and meningitis without paralysis.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Single selections are incomplete; “None” is contradicted by abundant epidemiology.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming poliovirus only causes paralysis; many infections are subclinical or present as aseptic meningitis without paralysis.

Final Answer:
All of these.