Sentence improvement — Fix agreement and complement structure in ‘‘But in all these cases conversion from scale have well-formulated.’’ so that the verb form and predicate are grammatically complete and precise.

Given data
But in all these cases conversion from scale have well-formulated.

Concept/Approach
Two issues: (1) Subject–verb agreement: ‘‘conversion(s) ... are’’ not ‘‘have’’; (2) The predicate needs a linking verb with the adjective complement: ‘‘are well-formulated.’’ The intended sense is that such conversions possess a well-defined formulation.

Option analysis
can be well-formulated — Adds modal possibility, changing meaning.are well-formulated — Corrects agreement and provides a complete copular predicate.well-formulated — Fragment; lacks a verb.No improvement — Retains grammatical errors.

Verification/Alternative
If the intended subject is singular ‘‘conversion’’, then ‘‘is well-formulated’’ would be used; the plural reading is more likely given ‘‘in all these cases’’.

Final Answer
are well-formulated