Foundations of systems theory: Information systems can be classified along multiple dimensions. Which set correctly reflects common classification schemes?

Introduction / Context:
Systems theory provides a vocabulary for analyzing and designing information systems. Classifications help determine boundaries, interfaces, and controls. Recognizing several simultaneous classification axes is helpful for both academic understanding and practical MIS design choices.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• A system may be physical (tangible) or abstract (conceptual, like mathematical models).
• It may be open (exchanges matter/energy/information with its environment) or closed (theoretical isolation).
• Information systems are man-made constructs engineered to process information.

Concept / Approach:
These classifications are not mutually exclusive; rather, they offer perspectives. For example, an ERP is a man-made information system that is open (it interacts with suppliers and customers) and implemented via physical and abstract components (servers, networks, and conceptual data models). Recognizing the axis relevant to your analysis clarifies design trade-offs and control mechanisms such as security, availability, and integration scope.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Standard MIS and systems textbooks enumerate these categories as foundational, demonstrating that multiple axes are commonly applied together.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Each individual option reflects a valid but partial view; the comprehensive understanding is “All of the above.”

Common Pitfalls:
Forcing a single label when multiple apply; confusing “closed” as practical reality (most enterprise systems are open).

Final Answer:
All of the above