Name the process: The synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) using a DNA template is known as what?

Introduction / Context:
Information flow in the central dogma proceeds from DNA to RNA to protein. The first conversion, making RNA from DNA, is called transcription and is catalyzed by RNA polymerase.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• The product asked about is mRNA.
• A DNA template strand is read by an enzyme to produce RNA.
• We are distinguishing transcription from replication and translation.

Concept / Approach:
Transcription copies the DNA sequence of a gene into an RNA transcript that can be translated or can function directly (for noncoding RNAs). The process involves initiation at a promoter, elongation through the gene body, and termination at specific sequences or via protein factors.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify the substrates and products: DNA template → RNA. Match this transformation to the named cellular process. Recognize the correct term is transcription, not replication or translation. Choose transcription.

Verification / Alternative check:
Inhibitors such as rifampicin specifically block bacterial transcription by targeting RNA polymerase, demonstrating that mRNA synthesis is a distinct process from replication and translation.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Replication: DNA copied to DNA.
• Translation: mRNA decoded to protein.
• DNA restriction: Endonuclease cleavage; unrelated to mRNA synthesis.
• Splicing: Eukaryotic mRNA processing step post-transcription.

Common Pitfalls:
Using terms replication and transcription interchangeably; they describe different enzymes, substrates, and outcomes.

Final Answer:
Transcription.