Best irrigation method for standing crops on undulating, sandy fields: Which method is most suitable under these site conditions?

Introduction / Context:
Field topography and soil texture strongly influence the selection of an irrigation method. Undulating terrain and sandy soils pose challenges for uniform distribution and water-use efficiency.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Undulating land surface.
• Sandy soil (high infiltration, low water-holding).
• Standing crops already established.

Concept / Approach:
Sprinkler systems apply water under pressure through nozzles, simulating rainfall. They distribute water uniformly on uneven topography, reduce conveyance losses, and suit light-textured (sandy) soils by allowing frequent, light applications that match high infiltration rates.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Assess topography: undulations discourage surface methods that depend on level fields.Assess soil: sandy soils benefit from controlled, small, frequent applications.Select sprinkler irrigation to achieve uniform coverage and reduce runoff/ponding.

Verification / Alternative check:
On flat heavy soils, check or furrow methods can be effective; however, in undulating sandy fields, they lead to non-uniform distribution and deep percolation losses. Sprinklers mitigate both issues.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Free flooding: Highly non-uniform on undulations; excessive deep percolation on sands.Check method: Needs proper levelling; not ideal on undulations.Furrow method: Works for row crops on moderate slopes but still sensitive to slope variations and intake rates.

Common Pitfalls:

• Choosing surface methods without adequate land levelling.
• Ignoring high infiltration of sands which demands frequent light irrigations.

Final Answer:
Sprinkler irrigation