Flip-flop power-up behavior: What is the normal starting state of a settable flip-flop when power is first applied to a circuit?

Introduction / Context:
Digital systems require a known state at power-up. Although raw flip-flops can power up unpredictably, practical designs add a power-on reset network so that key registers begin in a defined condition. The question references a “settable” flip-flop commonly integrated into systems with a reset path.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• A reset signal is provided via power-on reset (POR) or supervisory IC.
• Goal: ensure deterministic initial conditions.
• Conventional practice prefers starting from reset (Q = 0) unless specified otherwise.

Concept / Approach:
Because raw silicon may come up in either state, designers impose a reset to force the “reset” state as the normal starting point. This ensures counters, state machines, and control logic do not begin in an unknown or illegal state.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Add RC or dedicated POR IC to assert reset on power rise.Hold reset long enough (e.g., several RC time constants) to stabilize supplies and clocks.Release reset, guaranteeing a defined initial state.

Verification / Alternative check:
Board bring-up confirms stable initial conditions when reset is enforced, versus random states if reset is absent.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Set/toggle/dual are not standard default power-up choices; without reset, the state is indeterminate.Indeterminate is true for a bare flip-flop, but standard design practice uses reset, so “reset” is the normal starting state.

Common Pitfalls:
Relying on uninitialized FF power-up; behavior can vary with process and temperature.

Final Answer:
reset