Microprocessors: which statements correctly characterize them in typical educational definitions? Select the most complete option.

Introduction / Context:
A microprocessor is the central processing unit fabricated on a single integrated-circuit chip. Understanding its basic attributes helps distinguish CPUs from complete computers and from fixed-function logic.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Microprocessors execute instruction streams stored in memory (hence “controlled by a program”).
• They are implemented as integrated circuits (ICs).
• Mass production has driven costs down, making general-purpose CPUs relatively inexpensive components.

Concept / Approach:
The microprocessor provides arithmetic, logic, control, and register functions necessary to run software. It is designed for general-purpose computation, not a single hardwired task. When combined with memory, storage, and I/O, it forms a complete computer. Price varies by performance tier, but foundational educational references describe microprocessors as inexpensive, versatile ICs.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Confirm programmability: the CPU fetch–decode–execute cycle runs arbitrary programs.Confirm physical implementation: a single IC incorporates the CPU.Confirm economic characterization: mass-market processors are cost-effective for many applications.Thus, the most complete option is “All of the above.”

Verification / Alternative check:
Development boards and embedded systems use low-cost microprocessors and microcontrollers broadly, demonstrating programmability and affordability alongside IC integration.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Any single statement omits other essential characteristics; “None” is incorrect because all listed statements are true in common definitions.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing microprocessors with microcontrollers (which include I/O and memory on-chip) or with entire computers (which require multiple subsystems).

Final Answer:
All of the above