Personal computers in everyday life: which broad effects should we realistically expect from the advent of PCs and similar devices?

Introduction / Context:
Personal computers (and now smartphones and tablets) have reshaped work and daily life. They automate routine tasks, augment human capabilities, and sometimes displace old habits. An exam question may ask you to choose the most comprehensive statement about their impact, balancing benefits and trade-offs.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• PCs improve productivity via automation and access to information.
• Delegating tasks to computers can erode manual skills we practice less.
• Automation removes repetitive, boring work, elevating human focus to higher-value tasks.

Concept / Approach:
Technology typically brings mixed effects: clear productivity gains, task automation, and potential skill atrophy for tasks we no longer perform manually (e.g., mental arithmetic or map reading). The option set reflects this breadth. The most accurate answer is the inclusive one that captures all three phenomena simultaneously.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Historical trends show increases in output per worker and time savings, alongside reduced reliance on manual methods, supporting the “all of the above” stance.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Single effects (a), (b), or (c) are each true but incomplete.
• None of the above: incorrect because all listed effects occur in practice.

Common Pitfalls:
Viewing technology impacts as purely positive or negative; exam questions often seek balanced recognition of benefits and trade-offs.

Final Answer:
All of the above