Distributed MIS characteristics: which of the following describe a distributed management information system structure?

Introduction / Context:
Distributed MIS structures spread computation and data across multiple machines and locations, balancing local autonomy with enterprise integration. This is common in modern organizations with branch offices, plants, or remote teams, and maps well to client–server and cloud-native architectures.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Local data processing (DP) supports site-specific operations and responsiveness.
• Multiprocessing and multi-node environments enable concurrency and scale.
• Integrative workload sharing coordinates tasks across nodes for efficiency and resilience.

Concept / Approach:
Distributed MIS relies on multiple computing nodes performing tasks where data is generated (local DP) while also participating in shared enterprise processes (integrative workload). Multiprocessing—either within nodes or across them—supports performance and availability. Therefore, the most accurate option includes all three characteristics.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Enterprise architectures with distributed databases, microservices, and edge computing demonstrate these traits together, confirming the inclusive selection.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Each single trait is correct but incomplete.
• None: incorrect because distributed MIS commonly exhibits all listed characteristics.

Common Pitfalls:
Thinking distributed equals only decentralization; effective systems also coordinate workloads centrally where beneficial.

Final Answer:
All of the above