“Racism” (a prejudice based on race) relates to “Apartheid” (a specific system of racial segregation and discrimination). Choose the option that most closely mirrors this broad-prejudice → specific/characteristic manifestation relationship.

Introduction / Context:
An analogy can compare a broad ideology or prejudice with a more specific or emblematic manifestation. “Racism” is a general discriminatory belief system; “Apartheid” names a historically specific policy regime that institutionalized racial segregation. The task is to find a pair with the same broad-to-specific (or emblematic) relationship.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Racism is a general prejudice based on race.
• Apartheid is a specific, systematized practice grounded in racism.
• We seek another pair where the first term is a broad prejudice and the second is a common, recognizable instantiation or emblematic stance within that prejudice.

Concept / Approach:
The best parallel is “Sexism : Chauvinism,” where sexism is the broad prejudice based on sex or gender, and “(male) chauvinism” is a strongly biased attitude that exemplifies and expresses sexist beliefs. While not a governmental “system” like apartheid, it is a characteristic manifestation within the same prejudice domain, preserving the logic of broad → emblematic expression.

Step-by-Step Solution:
1) Identify relation type: general prejudice → specific/subtype expression.2) Map candidates: sexism (broad) → chauvinism (emblematic stance).3) Reject pairs that do not keep the same hierarchy or domain.

Verification / Alternative check:
“Parochialism : Linguism” mixes two different biases; the relation is not hierarchical. “Nationalism : Identity” is not prejudice → practice. “Communalism : Religion” mismatches a socio-political bias with the broader domain it exploits rather than a specific manifestation.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Parochialism : Linguism: Both are biases; neither clearly specializes the other.
• Nationalism : Identity: Not a prejudice-to-manifestation mapping.
• Communalism : Religion: “Religion” is a domain, not a practice embodying communalism.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing a domain or another independent bias with a specific manifestation of the same bias.

Final Answer:
Sexism : Chauvinism