In operations and decision science, the family of quantitative techniques used to model and solve business problems is commonly called what?

Introduction / Context:
Businesses routinely face allocation, scheduling, routing, inventory, and pricing questions. A mature discipline provides mathematical tools to optimize or simulate such decisions under constraints. Knowing its name helps you find the right methods and literature.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Scope: quantitative modeling for real-world business decisions.
• Methods: linear programming, integer programming, simulation, queuing, decision analysis, forecasting.
• Goal: select the widely recognized umbrella term.

Concept / Approach:
Operations research (OR), also known as management science, applies mathematical models to decision-making, seeking optimal or near-optimal solutions subject to constraints. It differs from operations management, which is a business function area (planning and control of operations), and from generic labels that are not standard terms.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
University programs, journals, and professional societies (e.g., INFORMS) use the term operations research for these techniques.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Operations management: A managerial field, not the set of quantitative techniques themselves.
• Operations science/management operations: Nonstandard labels.
• None: Incorrect because OR is the accepted term.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing the function (OM) with the toolkit (OR); ignoring data and constraint quality, which can dominate model results.

Final Answer:
operations research