Interfacing logic families with different supply voltages To connect ICs that operate at different VCC levels, which solution is appropriate?

Introduction / Context:
Mixed-voltage systems are common—e.g., 1.8 V CPUs with 3.3 V peripherals. Directly connecting mismatched logic levels risks functional errors or device damage. Proper interfacing is required.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Two logic families with different VCC (for example, 5 V TTL and 3.3 V CMOS).
• Need for safe, valid logic levels in both directions as applicable.
• Protection against overvoltage at inputs.

Concept / Approach:
A level-shifter (also called a logic-level translator) converts logic-high and logic-low thresholds between voltage domains while protecting inputs from exceeding absolute maximum ratings. Translators may be unidirectional or bidirectional and can include buffering and slew control.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify mismatch: VCC_A ≠ VCC_B → incompatible VIH/VIL.Insert interface: use a dedicated level-shifter/translator IC or discrete MOSFET arrangement.Verify thresholds: ensure converted levels meet receiving device VIH/VIL specs.Confirm protection: prevent 5 V signals from overstressing low-voltage inputs.

Verification / Alternative check:
Consult device datasheets; many microcontrollers specify required level translation for 5 V-tolerant vs. non-tolerant pins.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Level-shifter alone vs. translator: both terms are used; the most complete choice recognizes either device.Tri-state shifter: three-state control affects bus sharing, not voltage translation per se.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming pull-ups alone are sufficient for down-translation; without clamps, inputs can be over-volted. Ensure directionality matches the interface needs.

Final Answer:
level-shifter or translator