Rain sampling containers used in field hydrology Polythene (plastic) bottles commonly used for collecting rainwater samples in precipitation chemistry and quality monitoring typically have which of the following capacities?

Introduction / Context:
Rainwater sampling for chemical analysis, acid rain studies, or general precipitation monitoring often uses inert, non-reactive containers to avoid contamination. High-density polythene (HDPE) bottles are standard due to durability, low cost, and chemical compatibility.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Sampling programs range from event-based to composite (weekly/monthly) collection.
• Required volume depends on the number of analytes, detection limits, and laboratory protocols.
• Polythene (HDPE) containers are acceptable for most major ions and nutrients when properly cleaned and preserved.

Concept / Approach:

Field kits include bottles across a range of sizes to accommodate different sampling durations, rainfall intensities, and analytical suites. Smaller 2 L bottles suit grab samples, 4 L for daily/event composites, and 10 L for high-rainfall events or multiple replicates. Choice is operational rather than theoretical, so multiple capacities are common and correct.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Vendor catalogs and precipitation networks (e.g., academic or environmental agencies) list bottles in these standard capacities, often interchangeable with appropriate rain collectors and funnels.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Picking only one size ignores variability in program requirements.
• “None of these” is incorrect because these sizes are widely used and available.

Common Pitfalls:

• Using reactive containers (e.g., some metals or glass for specific analytes) without compatibility checks.
• Neglecting preservation, headspace, or chain-of-custody that may affect lab results.

Final Answer:

All the above.