Functions of sleepers: Which statement below is incorrect regarding the roles of sleepers in maintaining track geometry and load distribution?

Introduction / Context:
Sleepers (ties) perform multiple essential functions in railway track: gauge maintenance, load transfer, damping, and positional stability. This question asks you to identify the incorrect statement among typical functions attributed to sleepers.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Standard ballast track with timber, steel, or concrete sleepers.
• Statements list widely accepted functions.

Concept / Approach:
All four listed statements are true. Sleepers maintain gauge, distribute vertical and lateral loads into the ballast and subgrade, and provide an elastic interface (in conjunction with pads/ballast) that cushions dynamic forces and reduces track stiffness variations.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Textbook descriptions of sleeper functions confirm all four roles; thus, no statement is incorrect, making “None of these” the correct choice.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Options A–D: Each is a correct function; none can be singled out as incorrect.

Common Pitfalls:

• Assuming only ballast provides cushioning; in practice, the sleeper/fastening system and ballast together provide elasticity.
• Overlooking that sleepers also help maintain alignment and cant on curves.

Final Answer:
None of these