Building structural layout in multi-storey construction: Which of the following statements correctly describe how slabs, beams, and girders act together to transfer loads to columns?

Introduction / Context:
Understanding the load path in a typical reinforced concrete frame is foundational for architects, engineers, and quantity surveyors. In multi-storey buildings, slabs, beams, girders, and columns act together to collect, distribute, and transfer gravity and lateral loads. This question checks whether you recognize the standard hierarchy used in most framed structures.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• A conventional reinforced concrete (R.C.) framed building with slabs, secondary beams, main beams (girders), and columns.
• Monolithic casting is common for slab–beam systems.
• Secondary beams improve serviceability by reducing slab spans.

Concept / Approach:
In an R.C. frame, slabs collect distributed loads (self-weight, finishes, live loads). These slab loads are transferred to secondary beams, then to primary beams (girders), and finally to columns and foundations. Monolithic casting of slab and beams allows composite action, continuity, and integral behavior, reducing deflections and improving distribution. Beams are indeed the main flexural elements, while girders act as major framing lines supporting beams and concentrating loads into columns.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Recognize that slabs are cast together with supporting beams → monolithic action enhances strength and stiffness.Identify that beams (often resting on or framing into girders) are the main collectors to carry load to columns.Note that slabs typically span onto secondary beams which reduce slab panel spans and deflections.Therefore, all statements (a), (b), and (c) are correct; choose “All of these”.

Verification / Alternative check:
Standard design texts and codes show tributary load paths: slab → secondary beam → main beam/girder → column → foundation. Monolithic behavior is assumed in typical beam–slab design unless joints dictate otherwise.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Options that select only some statements ignore the complete, conventional load path and the common monolithic casting practice.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing “girder” and “beam,” or assuming slabs always span directly to primary beams; neglecting the role of secondary beams in serviceability and economy.

Final Answer:
All of these.