Introduction:
This question tests key airport-planning concepts: obstacle limitation surfaces, wind data visualization, operational wind usage for take-off/landing, and the definition of aircraft rating in terms of wing and power loading.
Given Data / Assumptions:
- Standard obstacle limitation surfaces include horizontal, conical, and transitional surfaces.
- Wind data for runway orientation is summarized via wind-rose charts.
- Operational best practice is to take off and land into the wind.
- Aircraft rating relates to wing loading and power loading.
Concept / Approach:
Each statement reflects accepted airport engineering/operations practice. If all standalone statements are correct, the inclusive option is correct.
Step-by-Step Solution:
Check A: Approach-zone surveying quantifies obstacles relative to horizontal, conical, and transitional surfaces → correct.Check B: Wind-rose charts depict direction and frequency of winds → correct.Check C: Against-wind operations reduce ground roll and increase lift → correct.Check D: Aircraft rating is defined using wing loading and power loading → correct.Therefore, E (All the above) is correct.
Verification / Alternative check:
These are standard textbook definitions and practices used for siting/orienting runways and understanding performance metrics.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
- A, B, C, D individually are correct but incomplete; the most complete choice is E.
Common Pitfalls:
- Overlooking that multiple independent statements can all be true in such questions.
- Confusing wind-rose depiction (frequency by sectors) with mere wind-speed logs.
Final Answer:
All the above.
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