In aviation navigation and airport operations, identify the correct abbreviations: I.L.S. for Instrument Landing System, V.H.F. for Very High Frequency, L.O.M. for Locator Outer Marker (low-powered), and L.M.M. for Locator Middle Marker (low-powered).

Introduction:
This item checks familiarity with standard aviation abbreviations used in instrument approach systems and radio communications. Pilots, air traffic controllers, and airport engineers rely on consistent terminology to interpret procedures, charts, and ground-based equipment associated with approach aids and communications.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• I.L.S. denotes the Instrument Landing System, a precision approach aid using localizer and glide path.
• V.H.F. denotes Very High Frequency, commonly used for aeronautical communications and navigation beacons.
• L.O.M. refers to a Locator at the Outer Marker position, a low-powered NDB co-located with the OM on legacy ILS procedures.
• L.M.M. refers to a Locator at the Middle Marker position, also low-powered in legacy setups.

Concept / Approach:

Each abbreviation should expand to widely used aviation terminology. If each statement is independently correct, the inclusive choice is the right answer.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

These expansions are standard across instrument approach publications and textbooks. While many modern procedures have decommissioned markers, the terminology remains historically correct.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Options A–D are correct but partial; the most complete answer is E.

Common Pitfalls:

• Confusing locator beacons with marker beacons; a locator is a low-power NDB situated near the marker.
• Overlooking punctuation differences (commas vs. periods) that do not change meaning.

Final Answer:

All the above