Runway system planning – arrangements of two single runways Two single runways on an airfield may be arranged to form which of the following plan configurations?

Introduction / Context:Airport planners combine single runways into simple systems to improve wind coverage and operational flexibility. The relative orientation of two runways yields a variety of geometries tailored to local wind roses and land availability.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Two independent single runways (not necessarily parallel).
• Objective: provide acceptable crosswind coverage and traffic handling.

Concept / Approach:Common two-runway arrangements include L-shape (orthogonal offset), T-shape (one crossing near an end), and X-shape (approximately 90° crossing near midpoints). Each offers different wind coverage and taxi/airspace implications.

Step-by-Step Solution:Assess wind rose → choose orientations that minimize crosswind exceedance.Recognize admissible configurations: L, T, X.Therefore, all listed shapes are feasible with two single runways.

Verification / Alternative check:Many real-world airports exhibit L, T, or X arrangements (with variations) depending on constraints.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:“Parallel only” is too restrictive; two runways are not limited to the parallel case.

Common Pitfalls:Assuming parallel configuration is mandatory; ignoring airspace and ground movement trade-offs of crossing configurations.

Final Answer:All the above