Per-cell data density – can a memory cell store more than one bit (for example, multi-level cell Flash storing 2–3–4 bits per cell)?

Introduction / Context:
While textbook diagrams often depict “one cell = one bit,” advanced memories can encode multiple bits in a single physical cell by distinguishing several levels of a stored quantity. This question checks awareness of multi-level storage techniques that increase density at the cost of complexity and sometimes reliability.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Example: Flash MLC/TLC/QLC storing 2/3/4 bits per cell via multiple threshold levels.
• Other memories (PCM, MRAM variants) can also support multi-level operation.
• Error-correcting codes mitigate tighter sensing margins.

Concept / Approach:
Multi-level cells partition an analog parameter (threshold voltage, resistance) into several ranges. Each range maps to a bit pattern: 2 levels → 1 bit (SLC), 4 levels → 2 bits (MLC), 8 levels → 3 bits (TLC), 16 levels → 4 bits (QLC). Controllers perform precise program/verify steps and use ECC to preserve data integrity.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Commercial SSDs widely advertise MLC/TLC/QLC technologies. Characterization data shows narrower margins and higher ECC strength with increased bits per cell.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Saying only DRAM or only magnetic disks can do this is incorrect; DRAM generally uses 1 bit per capacitor, while Flash commonly uses multi-level states. Parity encoding does not create physical multi-level storage.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming “cell” always equals one bit; forgetting the controller’s role in managing program/verify and ECC for multi-level reliability.

Final Answer:
Correct