Principles of material handling: Which set best reflects widely accepted handling principles?

Introduction / Context:
Material handling strongly affects cost, safety, and throughput. Foundational principles emphasise eliminating unnecessary moves, choosing proper equipment, and minimising distances and touches.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• General factory layout with multiple handling alternatives.
• Varied loads (weights, volumes) and paths.
• Goal is lower cost per unit with improved flow.

Concept / Approach:
Classical principles include: plan handling; use gravity and shortest paths; minimise handling; standardise methods; select efficient equipment; and match the system to load characteristics and flow requirements.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
IE references list nearly identical principles under various wordings, all aligning with options (a), (b), and (c).

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
(e) Automation is a tool, not a principle; poor methods automated become expensive mistakes.

Common Pitfalls:
Automating bad layouts; ignoring ergonomics; underutilising gravity or unit loads.

Final Answer:

All of the above