Fixed-position layout (project layout): Which of the following is generally true?

Introduction / Context:
Fixed-position (project) layout is used when the product is bulky, heavy, or immovable (e.g., shipbuilding, large turbines, aircraft). Resources, tools, and workers move to the product instead of moving the product itself.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Large, complex products assembled in one location.
• Multiple trades and tools travel to the work site.
• Low to very low production volume, high variety.

Concept / Approach:
Since the product does not travel, material movement of the product is minimized. However, coordination costs are high, utilization of equipment can be low, and overall production cost is not necessarily minimal compared to line or cellular layouts for high volumes.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Case studies from shipyards and construction projects show minimal product movement yet significant planning needs for material staging and trade scheduling.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
It does not guarantee least production cost or minimum capital investment; often, costs are higher due to complexity and idle resources. “All of these” is thus incorrect; the product itself does not move between stations, so option (e) is wrong.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming fixed-position is cheaper; underestimating the planning required for on-site logistics and safety constraints.

Final Answer:
Total material movement is comparatively less because the product stays in place.