Buffers and drivers in digital circuits — what capability do they emphasize? Logic devices labeled as buffers, drivers, or buffer/drivers are primarily intended to provide which capability compared with ordinary logic gates?

Introduction / Context:
In practical systems, some nodes must drive long traces, multiple loads, or external connectors. Standard logic gates may not safely supply that current or voltage swing into heavier capacitive or resistive loads. Buffer/driver devices exist to solve this by strengthening output drive while preserving logic functionality and timing integrity.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• “Buffer,” “line driver,” and “bus driver” typically refer to increased output drive.
• Output parameters of interest include IOH, IOL, VOH under load, and VOL under load.
• Input characteristics (high impedance, hysteresis) sometimes improve, but output drive is the main purpose.

Concept / Approach:
A buffer/driver stage adds transistors and sometimes slew-rate control to source/sink higher currents without violating logic levels. Many parts include tri-state control for bus sharing. While inputs can be tolerant or Schmitt-triggered, the defining feature is robust output capability relative to simple logic gates like a basic inverter or NAND.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Typical “HC/HCT244” or “ALS245” style bus drivers specify tens of milliamps sink/source capability and tri-state outputs—significantly higher than simple logic gates—confirming the emphasis on outputs rather than inputs.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Option b/d: input capability is rarely the limiting factor; output drive is the purpose.
• Option c: smaller output capability contradicts the definition.
• Option e: raises input impedance only; this misses the driver’s raison d’être.

Common Pitfalls:

• Overdriving loads like motors or high-power LEDs without dedicated drivers; ensure output power limits are respected.

Final Answer:
a greater current/voltage capability than an ordinary logic circuit.