Ice is related to water in the same way as rock is related to which corresponding material state or form?

Introduction / Context:
This analogy explores physical states of matter and natural transformations. Ice and water are two forms of the same substance, differing by state. Likewise, rock can also change form under intense heat. Recognising these relationships is important in basic science and helps you answer analogy questions that connect different natural processes.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Analogy: Ice : water :: Rock : ?
• Options: Lava, Oil, Sand, Mud.
• Ice is solid water; water is the liquid state of the same substance.
• Rock can melt under high temperature and appear as molten material beneath or on the surface of the earth.
• We assume general school level earth science knowledge about lava and magma.

Concept / Approach:
The relationship between ice and water is that they are different physical states of the same material. Ice is water in solid form; water is the liquid form. For rock, the analogous state change happens when rock melts under extreme heat, turning into molten rock, known as lava when it reaches the earth's surface. Therefore, the second pair must match rock with lava as different states or forms of the same material, mirroring the ice water relationship.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Step 1: Understand the first pair. Ice is simply frozen water, a solid state of the substance H2O. When ice melts, it becomes liquid water, but the chemical substance remains the same. Step 2: Identify the relationship: solid state to liquid state of the same substance. Step 3: Consider rock. When rock is exposed to intense heat inside the earth, it melts and becomes molten rock. Step 4: When molten rock erupts and flows on the earth's surface, it is called lava. Step 5: Thus, rock (solid) is to lava (molten or liquid form) as ice (solid) is to water (liquid).

Verification / Alternative check:
Test each option: Oil is a different substance, not a melted form of rock. Sand is a granular material derived from rock but not its liquid form. Mud is a mixture of water and soil. Lava specifically refers to molten rock on the surface. Only lava stands in the same kind of state transformation relationship to rock as water does to ice, which confirms lava as the correct choice.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Oil: Oil is an organic liquid and not the melted state of rock. The relationship with rock is not one of state transformation. Sand: Sand originates from weathered rock but is still a solid granular form, not the liquid or molten state. Mud: Mud is water mixed with fine soil or clay and has no direct state change relationship with rock as ice has with water.

Common Pitfalls:
Some learners may choose sand because it is derived from rock or mud because of its semi liquid appearance. However, the key idea is different states of the same material, not substances that come from or mix with rock. Always focus on the transformation relationship in the first pair and find the exact parallel in the second pair, rather than just general association.

Final Answer:
Rock in its molten state is known as Lava, so Lava correctly completes the analogy Ice : water :: Rock : lava.