Hydrogeology (aquifers): What do we call groundwater whose flow is not confined by overlying impermeable layers? Assume a water table open to atmospheric pressure through the pore spaces. Choose the correct option.

Given data

• Definition asks for groundwater not bounded above by an impermeable confining layer.

Concept/ApproachUnconfined groundwater occurs where the aquifer is open to the surface and capped by a permeable zone; its water table is free to rise/fall. Confined groundwater lies between confining layers; artesian refers to pressure conditions in confined systems, and aquifer is a general term for water-bearing formation.

Final AnswerUnconfined groundwater