Directions: For the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) given below, choose the correct alternative. Assertion (A): Gandhiji withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement. Reason (R): There was violence at Chauri Chaura.

Introduction / Context:
This question is from modern Indian history and concerns the Non Cooperation Movement led by Mahatma Gandhi in the early 1920s. It uses assertion–reason format to connect the withdrawal of the movement with a specific violent incident at Chauri Chaura, which is a well known turning point in this campaign.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Assertion (A): Gandhiji withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement.
• Reason (R): There was violence at Chauri Chaura.
• We assume standard history textbooks on the Indian national movement as a reference.
• The task is to confirm the historical facts and decide whether R explains A.

Concept / Approach:
The Non Cooperation Movement was based on the principle of non violence. Gandhi believed that the use of violence would morally damage the movement and its objectives. When a violent incident occurred at Chauri Chaura, Gandhi reassessed and decided that the people were not yet ready to strictly follow non violence, leading to the suspension of the movement.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Step 1: Evaluate Assertion (A). Historical accounts clearly state that Mahatma Gandhi called off or withdrew the Non Cooperation Movement in 1922. Thus A is true.Step 2: Evaluate Reason (R). At Chauri Chaura in the United Provinces (now in Uttar Pradesh), a protest turned violent. A group of protesters attacked a police station and set it on fire, leading to the death of several policemen. This violent event deeply disturbed Gandhi.Step 3: Gandhi believed firmly in non violence as central to the freedom struggle. The Chauri Chaura incident made him feel that the movement had strayed from this principle. As a result, he decided to suspend and withdraw the movement.Step 4: Therefore R, describing the violence at Chauri Chaura, is true and directly explains why the Non Cooperation Movement was withdrawn. The assertion and the reason are both true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Verification / Alternative check:
History textbooks often present the sequence clearly: the movement grew powerful, the Chauri Chaura incident occurred, and in response Gandhi called off the campaign. Many exam questions exactly use this cause and effect connection. This confirms that R is not just related but is specifically the standard explanation of A.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Option b would claim that although both statements are true, R does not explain A, which is clearly not the case here. Options c and d require one of the statements to be false, which contradicts well established, widely taught historical facts about the national movement.

Common Pitfalls:
Students may sometimes confuse the Non Cooperation Movement with other movements such as the Civil Disobedience Movement or Quit India Movement, and might mix up reasons for their suspension or failure. It is important to link the withdrawal of Non Cooperation specifically with Chauri Chaura and Gandhi insistence on non violence.

Final Answer:
The correct choice is that both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and R is the correct explanation of A.