Read the following passage carefully and then select the best answer to each question out of the four alternatives given. Gandhian philosophy consists of the religious and social ideas that Mahatma Gandhi adopted and developed, first during his years in South Africa from 1893 to 1914 and later in India during the freedom struggle. These ideas were further carried forward by later Gandhians in India, such as Vinoba Bhave and Jayaprakash Narayan, and by leaders outside India, for example Martin Luther King Junior in the United States. Gandhian thought sees the universe as an organic whole and operates at many levels at the same time: spiritual or religious, moral, political, economic, social, individual and collective. At its core lies the spiritual element and the idea of God. Human nature is regarded as fundamentally virtuous, and all individuals are believed to be capable of moral growth and reform. In this framework, two ideas stand out as central to Gandhian thought. The first is truth, and the second is non violence. The English word "truth" only partly captures the sense of the Sanskrit word "satya". Derived from "sat", meaning "that which exists", satya suggests both relative and absolute dimensions. For Gandhi, there is the relative truth of being truthful in word and deed, and there is the absolute truth of the Ultimate Reality. This ultimate truth is identified with God, and morality, that is, moral laws and moral codes, rests on this foundation. The second central idea is ahimsa, often translated as non violence. Gandhi understood ahimsa not as mere absence of physical harm but as active love, the opposite of himsa or violence in every sense. He placed non violence at the highest level for two main reasons. First, if all life is one according to the Divine Reality, then violence against another is violence against oneself and is therefore self destructive and against the universal law of life, which is love. Second, Gandhi held that ahimsa is the most powerful force available to human beings. If violence were stronger than non violence, humanity might have destroyed itself long ago and the human race would not have progressed as far as it has. From both angles, non violence or love is regarded as the highest law of humankind. According to the passage, which of the following statements is not true?

Introduction / Context:
This reading comprehension question asks you to identify the statement that is not true according to the passage on Gandhian philosophy. Three of the statements are faithful reflections of ideas from the passage, while one is either distorted or inaccurately phrased. Your task is to compare each option carefully with the actual content of the passage and select the one that does not match.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• The passage states that non violence or love is regarded as the highest law of humankind.
• It says that human nature is fundamentally virtuous and that individuals are capable of moral development and reform.
• It explains that violence against another is also violence against oneself and that such violence is self destructive and against the universal law of life, which is love.
• It emphasises that love is the universal law of life.

Concept / Approach:
The best way to approach "not true" questions is to treat the passage as the final authority and check each option word by word. Options that exactly mirror the passage should be considered true. The incorrect option either misquotes the passage, mixes up concepts, or introduces a phrase that is not supported by the text. Here, three options clearly echo the passage, while one uses awkward wording and does not accurately reflect how the passage explains violence and the universe.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Step 1: Check option A: "Non violence is regarded as the highest law of humankind." The passage explicitly says that from both viewpoints non violence or love is regarded as the highest law of humankind. So A is true.Step 2: Check option B: "All individuals are believed to be capable of high moral development." Early in the passage, it states that human nature is fundamentally virtuous and that all individuals are believed to be capable of moral growth and reform. So B is also true.Step 3: Check option D: "Love is the universal law of life." Gandhi argues that violence is against the universal law of life, which is love. Thus the passage clearly supports D.Step 4: Examine option C: "Violence alone to other is very much self destructive aspect of the universe." The passage actually says that violence against another is violence against oneself and that it is self destructive and contrary to the universal law of life. It does not speak about "the universe" in that way, and the wording "violence alone to other" does not match the specific phrasing used in the text. Therefore, C is the statement that does not accurately reflect the passage.

Verification / Alternative check:
Even if you paraphrase the idea in option C, the phrase "self destructive aspect of the universe" goes beyond what the passage claims. The passage focuses on the unity of life and the self destructive nature of violence with respect to the self and the law of life, not on some abstract aspect of the universe. Additionally, the strange wording suggests it is not a direct echo of the passage, which is a typical sign of the incorrect option in such questions. The other options directly reflect central statements from the text.

Why Other Options Are Wrong (as answers):

• Option A: Supported directly by the passage, which calls non violence the highest law of humankind.
• Option B: Supported by the line that all individuals can develop morally and be reformed.
• Option D: Backed by the passage that says violence is contrary to the universal law of life, which is love.

Common Pitfalls:
In "not true" questions, some candidates mistakenly choose a correct but less obvious statement as false simply because its wording is complex. Another error is ignoring the awkward grammar of an option and focusing only on broad meaning. Here, option C almost resembles an idea in the passage but does not match the exact claim or phrasing, and its clumsy language is a clue that it has been altered. Always return to the text, look for exact matches and pick the option that deviates from the passage either in meaning, emphasis or wording.

Final Answer:
The statement that is not true according to the passage is "Violence alone to other is very much self destructive aspect of the universe."