Read the following passage carefully and then select the best answer to each question out of the four alternatives given. Gandhian philosophy consists of the religious and social ideas that Mahatma Gandhi adopted and developed, first during his years in South Africa from 1893 to 1914 and later in India during the freedom struggle. These ideas were further carried forward by later Gandhians in India, such as Vinoba Bhave and Jayaprakash Narayan, and by leaders outside India, for example Martin Luther King Junior in the United States. Gandhian thought sees the universe as an organic whole and operates at many levels at the same time: spiritual or religious, moral, political, economic, social, individual and collective. At its core lies the spiritual element and the idea of God. Human nature is regarded as fundamentally virtuous, and all individuals are believed to be capable of moral growth and reform. In this framework, two ideas stand out as central to Gandhian thought. The first is truth, and the second is non violence. The English word "truth" only partly captures the sense of the Sanskrit word "satya". Derived from "sat", meaning "that which exists", satya suggests both relative and absolute dimensions. For Gandhi, there is the relative truth of being truthful in word and deed, and there is the absolute truth of the Ultimate Reality. This ultimate truth is identified with God, and morality, that is, moral laws and moral codes, rests on this foundation. The second central idea is ahimsa, often translated as non violence. Gandhi understood ahimsa not as mere absence of physical harm but as active love, the opposite of himsa or violence in every sense. He placed non violence at the highest level for two main reasons. First, if all life is one according to the Divine Reality, then violence against another is violence against oneself and is therefore self destructive and against the universal law of life, which is love. Second, Gandhi held that ahimsa is the most powerful force available to human beings. If violence were stronger than non violence, humanity might have destroyed itself long ago and the human race would not have progressed as far as it has. From both angles, non violence or love is regarded as the highest law of humankind. Which of the following would be the most suitable title for this passage?

Introduction / Context:
This question asks you to choose the most suitable title for the passage on Gandhian philosophy. An effective title should reflect the main subject and the overall focus of the passage, not just a minor detail or a single aspect. You must therefore assess what the passage primarily discusses and which option best summarises that central theme in a concise phrase.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• The passage introduces Gandhian philosophy as a set of religious and social ideas adopted and developed by Mahatma Gandhi.
• It describes how these ideas were adopted by later figures in India and abroad.
• It notes that Gandhian thought operates on many levels: spiritual, moral, political, economic, social, individual and collective.
• It then explains in some detail the two central ideas of truth (satya) and non violence (ahimsa).
• The passage also discusses the metaphysical and moral basis of these ideas.

Concept / Approach:
When selecting a title, you must ask whether the passage is mainly about one narrow topic or about a broader philosophical system. Here, although the passage explains truth and non violence in depth, it does so within the larger frame of "Gandhian philosophy". The opening lines explicitly ask, "What is Gandhian philosophy?" and the rest of the text answers this by describing its scope, its levels, and its twin central principles. This broader orientation makes "The Gandhian philosophy" the best overall title.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Step 1: Look at the introduction of the passage, which starts by defining Gandhian philosophy.Step 2: Notice that the passage explains who developed it, where and when, and how it has influenced others.Step 3: Observe that the core discussion of truth and non violence is presented as part of this larger system.Step 4: Compare the options: some are narrow (focusing only on truth and non violence), while others reflect the broader philosophy.Step 5: Select "The Gandhian philosophy" because it covers the full thematic range of the passage, from origins and scope to key principles.

Verification / Alternative check:
Option B, "The twin cardinal principles of Gandhiji", and option C, "Truth and non violence", both highlight important parts of the passage, but they are narrower. They do not capture the introductory material about the origin of Gandhian philosophy, its influence on later leaders, and its multi level nature. Option D, "Violence a self destructive mode", focuses only on one argument about violence and ignores truth, metaphysics and the rest of the discussion. Therefore, even though B and C are related to key themes, they are not as comprehensive as option A, which best captures the entire content.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Option B: Emphasises only the central principles, but the passage does more than list those principles; it also explains context and scope.
• Option C: Focuses on truth and non violence but neglects the broader framing of Gandhian philosophy as a whole system.
• Option D: Concentrates solely on the negative aspect of violence, which is just one part of the broader argument.

Common Pitfalls:
Candidates often get attracted to titles that repeat striking phraseology from the passage, such as "truth and non violence". However, the best title normally covers both the main subject and the full range of material discussed. To avoid errors, ask yourself whether the title would still make sense if someone saw it on a book cover or article heading without reading the text. In this case, "The Gandhian philosophy" accurately indicates that the passage will define and explore Gandhi inspired philosophical ideas, which is exactly what the passage does.

Final Answer:
The most suitable title for the passage is The Gandhian philosophy.