In manufacturing systems, a flexible manufacturing system (FMS) emphasizes reconfigurability; it can take the form of an automated assembly line or cell engineered for quick changeovers, rather than being expensive or difficult to alter.

Introduction / Context:
Flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) integrate CNC machines, robots, conveyors/AGVs, and centralized control to produce families of parts with minimal downtime between variants. The core idea is flexibility—rapid changeovers and reconfiguration—not rigidity. Recognizing valid forms that an FMS can take prevents misconceptions about cost and change difficulty.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• FMS is designed for adaptability among similar part families.
• Automated lines/cells can be configured to be flexible via tooling and software.
• Statements suggesting inflexibility contradict the definition.

Concept / Approach:
An FMS may be implemented as an automated assembly line or as a modular cell. What makes it “flexible” is the use of programmable equipment, standardized fixtures, and intelligent scheduling to enable quick product switches. Claims that FMS is “expensive to alter” or “very difficult to change” miss the point; while initial investment can be significant, the operational goal is economical, fast changeovers.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify FMS defining properties: programmability and reconfigurability.Note that automated assembly lines can be designed to be flexible (e.g., retoolable stations).Reject options that contradict flexibility by asserting difficulty/expense to change as a characteristic.Choose “an automated assembly line” as a valid manifestation of FMS.

Verification / Alternative check:
Industry examples show FMS lines producing multiple SKUs with shared equipment, swapping programs and fixtures rapidly—evidence that an automated line can indeed be an FMS.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Expensive to alter: FMS aims to make alterations quicker and cheaper after setup.Very difficult to change: contradicts the very rationale for FMS.All of the above: cannot be true because (b) and (c) are incorrect.None of the above: wrong, because (a) is correct.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming any automated line is rigid; overlooking modular fixtures, standardized pallets, and program-driven tool changes that enable flexibility.

Final Answer:
An automated assembly line