Critical Reasoning — Assumptions Statement: “The new education policy envisages major modifications in the education system.” Which assumptions are implicit in this policy statement?

Introduction / Context:
A policy document proposes “major modifications” to the education system. We must identify the assumptions that justify such a large redesign.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• I: The present education system is inconsistent with national needs.
• II: The present education system needs change.

Concept / Approach:
Proposals for major change assume that (a) the status quo is misaligned with objectives and (b) change is required. The first provides the rationale; the second states the necessity.

Step-by-Step Solution:
1) If the current system already satisfied national needs, “major” changes would lack justification. Therefore I is assumed.2) Saying “major modifications” explicitly presupposes that change is needed, not just minor tweaks—validating II.3) Negating either I or II undermines the call for substantial reforms.

Verification / Alternative check:
Policy reforms are typically framed by a “problem statement” (misalignment) and a “solution need” (change imperative), corresponding to I and II.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Only I or only II: Removes either the problem or the need; both are implied in the phrase “major modifications.”
• Either / Neither: Do not reflect the policy logic.

Common Pitfalls:
Do not treat “major modifications” as mere routine updates; the wording signals a substantive gap with current needs.

Final Answer:
Both I and II are implicit