6. If d is the diameter of column, D is the side of square base, W is total axial load and p is the allowable bending stress, the thickness (t) of the base plate, is
7. ?, ? are the horizontal angles measured at the ends of a base line AB to a hill top whose angle of elevation from station A is ?°. The height of the hill top above the trunnion axis of the theodolite station, is
10. If C is creep coefficient, f is original prestress in concrete, m is modular ratio, E is Young's modulus of steel and e is shrinkage strain, the combined effect of creep and shrinkage is: