A. When the gauge distance is larger than the pitch, the failure of the section may occur in a zig-zag line
B. When the gauge distance is smaller than the pitch, the failure of the section may occur in a straight right angle section through the centre of rivet holes
C. When the gauge distance and pitch are both equal, the failure to the section becomes more likely as the diameter of the holes increases
4. In a tension member if b is width of plate, t is thickness of plate, p is staggered pitch, g is gauge distance, n is number of rivet holes in zig-zag line, n is number of gauge spaces, d is gross diameter of rivets, then the net sectional area Anet of the plate, is
8. For the steel member exposed to weather and accessible for repainting, the thickness of steel should not be less than (excepting the webs of Indian Standard rolled steel joists and channels).
10. The equivalent axial tensile load Pe, which produces an average axial tensile stress in the section equivalent to the combined stress due to axial tension P and bending M, at the extreme fibre of the section, is given by (where Z is the section modulus of the section).