Decision-making workflow: Which of the following are recognized steps within a manager’s decision-making process?

Introduction / Context:
Decision-making is a structured process even when problems are complex. Common frameworks include recognizing a situation requires attention, defining the problem clearly, generating and evaluating alternatives, selecting a course of action, implementing that decision, and learning from outcomes. MIS supports each step by supplying timely, relevant, and accurate information.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Managers face varied problems from operational to strategic.
• Information systems provide data and models to inform choices.
• The options listed correspond to different decision-making stages.

Concept / Approach:
Problem recognition alerts managers to discrepancies or opportunities (e.g., KPI deviations). Problem identification clarifies scope, root causes, and objectives. Alternative selection chooses among options using criteria like cost, time, risk, and impact. Action implements the decision with resources and timelines. Together, they form a coherent decision cycle supported by reporting, analytics, and feedback loops.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Management science texts converge on similar steps (intelligence, design, choice, implementation), which map directly to the listed items.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Each individual step is correct but incomplete in isolation; the comprehensive answer is that all are part of the process.

Common Pitfalls:
Jumping to solutions without proper identification; failing to evaluate alternatives rigorously; inadequate follow-through on action and monitoring.

Final Answer:
all of the above