Supervisory information systems: Computing systems designed to supply supervisory-level information typically include which of the following application areas?

Introduction / Context:
Supervisors need timely, operational information to manage daily performance, exceptions, and compliance. Multiple operational systems can supply such information by summarizing transactions, highlighting anomalies, and tracking throughput or status. The breadth of supervisory information is not limited to a single domain; it spans financial operations and real-time operations alike.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Supervisory information is near real-time or periodic, with actionable detail.
• Financial-operations systems and operational-control systems can both produce supervisory metrics.
• Supervisors monitor accuracy, timeliness, and adherence to standards.

Concept / Approach:
Invoicing systems provide supervisory views on billing cycles, error rates, and disputed invoices. Payroll systems provide attendance exceptions, overtime trends, and compliance checks. Process control systems (in manufacturing/utility contexts) offer dashboards on line speeds, temperatures, alarms, and quality deviations. Each feeds the supervisor with the exact information needed to intervene, reassign resources, or escalate issues promptly.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Typical shop-floor and back-office dashboards consolidate feeds from invoicing, payroll/HRIS, and SCADA/process-control systems to support shift leads and unit supervisors.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Any single area understates the diversity of supervisory information; “None” is contradicted by common practice.

Common Pitfalls:
Providing only historical summaries without exceptions; siloed data that prevents cross-functional oversight by supervisors.

Final Answer:
All of the above