Approximately what are the typical TTL logic output voltage levels for a logic 0 and a logic 1, respectively?

Introduction / Context:
Transistor–Transistor Logic (TTL) uses defined voltage ranges for logic 0 and logic 1 at its outputs. Knowing realistic output levels helps with compatibility and noise margin calculations when interfacing families. This question tests whether the listed pairs match practical TTL output values.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Consider standard TTL under typical loading (not open collector or special variants).
• Look for approximate yet credible output levels, not the absolute supply rails.
• VOH and VOL represent output high and output low voltages.

Concept / Approach:

Typical TTL output low VOL is approximately 0.2–0.4 V, and output high VOH is typically around 3.3–3.5 V (with a 5 V supply), with guaranteed limits of VOL(max) near 0.4 V and VOH(min) near 2.4 V depending on the subfamily and load. None of the provided pairs reflects these practical values accurately.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Datasheets for 74xx series show VOH(min) around 2.4 V and VOL(max) around 0.4 V at rated currents; typical values cluster near 3.3–3.5 V for VOH and 0.2 V for VOL, confirming mismatch with all listed pairs.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Option a unrealistically assumes VOH equals VCC. Option b overestimates VOL. Options c and d are not representative of TTL outputs. Thus none matches realistic TTL output levels.

Common Pitfalls:

Confusing input thresholds with output levels, or assuming the high output equals the 5 V rail under load.

Final Answer:

None of the above