Digital Computer Electronics Questions

• In digital number systems, convert the decimal value 13 (base 10) to its equivalent in octal (base 8), ensuring correct place-value interpretation and without skipping intermediate steps.
• In an asynchronous RS latch (active-high inputs), what happens when S is high and R is low, and what happens when S is low and R is high, with respect to the output state?
• Convert the decimal value 61 (base 10) to its binary (base 2) equivalent using division-by-2 and verify by place-value expansion.
• According to De Morgan’s theorems in digital logic, a NAND gate is functionally equivalent to which bubbled logic gate representation?
• Determine the minimum number of bits required to uniquely encode 26 letters, 10 symbols, and 10 numerals (total distinct characters) using a fixed-length binary code.
• In basic logic terminology, an inverter is functionally equivalent to which single-input logic gate, and how does it transform its input?
• With respect to the ASCII character set, which statement correctly describes its size and inclusion of control characters in the 7-bit standard?
• For a standard bistable flip-flop with complementary outputs, what is the relationship between Q and Q' (Q bar) under normal operation?
• Convert the binary number 1001001₂ to its hexadecimal (base 16) equivalent, showing grouping and place-value verification.
• In device-level electronics, a p-channel enhancement MOSFET is most similar in external function to a PNP transistor, except for which key control property at the input terminal?
• In digital electronics, what is the reflected Gray code representation of the decimal number 7 (expressed as a 4-bit Gray word for consistency)?
• In programming and systems analysis, what is the standard name of the diagram that illustrates the logical flow of functions and steps in a program?
• Convert the binary number 101101₂ into its hexadecimal representation (showing the correct base-tagged form).
• In integrated-circuit technologies, which device class historically dominated large-scale integration (LSI), and which class is preferred where the lowest power consumption is required?
• Approximately what are the typical TTL logic output voltage levels for a logic 0 and a logic 1, respectively?
• A memory location at address 200H stores the byte value 3FH. What is the decimal equivalent of the hexadecimal byte 3FH?
• In digital logic terminology, why are NOT, OR, and AND gates called decision-making elements, and when does a gate recognize an input word?
• By taking an AND gate and adding an inverter at each input and at the output, what overall logic function is realized?
• Among RTL, DTL, TTL, and HTL logic families, which family offers the highest noise immunity under standard definitions?
• Which coding scheme produces a sequence in which successive code words differ from each other in only one bit position (single-bit Hamming distance of 1)?